oralce操作基础操作_IT分享知识网

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sqlplus /nolog

解锁用户

SQL> alter user scott identified by tiger account unlock;
用户已更改。

切换用户

SQL> conn scott/tiger
已连接。

查看当前用户

SQL> show user
USER 为 "SCOTT"

查看所有表

SQL> select * from tab;

查看字段信息

SQL> desc emp;

取别名 ename 的别名是first_name 相当于mysql的as

SQL> select ename first_name, sal salary from emp;

连接操作符把两列连接到一列来显示

SQL> select ename||job from emp;

ENAME||JOB
-------------------
SMITHCLERK
ALLENSALESMAN
WARDSALESMAN
JONESMANAGER
MARTINSALESMAN
BLAKEMANAGER
CLARKMANAGER
SCOTTANALYST
KINGPRESIDENT
TURNERSALESMAN
ADAMSCLERK

SQL> select ename||' is a '||job from emp;

ENAME||'ISA'||JOB
-------------------------
SMITH is a CLERK
ALLEN is a SALESMAN
WARD is a SALESMAN
JONES is a MANAGER
MARTIN is a SALESMAN
BLAKE is a MANAGER
CLARK is a MANAGER
SCOTT is a ANALYST
KING is a PRESIDENT
TURNER is a SALESMAN
ADAMS is a CLERK

去重处理把所有的值只显示一次，如果有两个字段，那么只有两列结果完全一样才是重复行被显示一列

SQL> select distinct deptno from emp;

    DEPTNO
----------
        30
        20
        10

SQL> select distinct deptno,job from emp;

    DEPTNO JOB
---------- ---------
        20 CLERK
        30 SALESMAN
        20 MANAGER
        30 CLERK
        10 PRESIDENT
        30 MANAGER
        10 CLERK
        10 MANAGER
        20 ANALYST

设置每行显示100字符

SQL> set linesize 100

设置每页显示两百行

SQL> set pagesize 200

用sqldeveloper连接数据库这是另一种与oracle交互的工具

运行sql语句

where过滤

-- 过滤 deptno 等于10 的数据
SQL>  select * from emp where deptno=10; 
-- 过滤 sal 大于 300 的数据
SQL>  select * from emp where sal>3000;
-- 对字符串字段进行过滤要加引号
SQL>  select * from emp where ename='SCOTT';
-- and or 与或非运算
SQL>  select * from emp where sal>1000 and job='CLERK';
-- 时间格式要与数据库显示的一样 用单引号包着
SQL>  select * from emp where hiredate ='17-11月 -81';
SQL>  select * from emp where hiredate ='17-NOV -81';
------------ 特殊操作符
-- 区间操作
SQL>  select * from emp where sal between 2000 and 3000;
-- in 操作 查询集合里面所有的数
SQL>  select * from emp where job in ('CLERK', 'SALESMAN');
-- is null    is not null 操作空值 0不是空值
SQL>  select * from emp where comm is null;
SQL>  select * from emp where comm is not null;

like 模糊匹配

------------- like 模糊匹配
-- 匹配开头
SQL>  select * from emp where ename like 'A%';
-- 匹配中间出现的字符
SQL>  select * from emp where ename like '%A%';
-- 只匹配第二个为O的字符
SQL>  select * from emp where ename like '_O%';

转义符

SQL> update emp set ename='X_SCOTT' WHERE ename = 'SCOTT';
-- 定制转义符 转义后才能匹配第二个为下划线的字符
SQL>  select * from emp where ename like '_\_%' escape '\';
-- 声明空格的话空格就是转义符
SQL>  select * from emp where ename like '_ _%' escape ' ';

通过 rownum 获取数据

-- 通过 rownum 获取数据
SQL>  select * from (select rownum rn,emp.* from emp) where rn=2;

to_char 时间函数

-- 系统默认时间
SQL> select sysdate from dual;

SYSDATE
--------------
17-4月 -21

-- 日期函数
SQL> select to_char(sysdate, 'yyy-mm-dd')from dual;

TO_CHAR(S
---------
021-04-17

-- 两种格式对比
SQL> select sysdate,to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-mm-dd')from dual;

SYSDATE        TO_CHAR(SY
-------------- ----------
17-4月 -21     2021-04-17

-- 英文输出日期
SQL> select to_char(sysdate, 'year-month-day')from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YEAR-MONTH-DAY')
-----------------------------------------------------------
twenty twenty-one-4月 -星期六

-- 带时分秒的输出
SQL> select sysdate,to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')from dual;

SYSDATE        TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY
-------------- -------------------
17-4月 -21     2021-04-17 17:21:05

格式转换

L 表示浮点类型当前货币符号

9 表示一个数相当于占位符

0 强制放一个0

$ 放置一个浮点型美元符号

, 打印一个小数点

. 打印一个千位符

SQL> select ename,sal from emp;

ENAME             SAL
---------- ----------
SMITH             800
ALLEN            1600
WARD             1250


SQL> select ename,to_char(sal,'L99,999.99')from emp;

ENAME      TO_CHAR(SAL,'L99,999
---------- --------------------
SMITH                  ￥800.00
ALLEN                ￥1,600.00
WARD                 ￥1,250.00


SQL> select ename,to_char(sal,'L00,999.99')from emp;

ENAME      TO_CHAR(SAL,'L00,999
---------- --------------------
SMITH               ￥00,800.00
ALLEN               ￥01,600.00
WARD                ￥01,250.00


SQL> select sysdate,to_number('￥00,820.00', 'L00,000.00') from dual;

SYSDATE        TO_NUMBER('￥00,820.00','L00,000.00')
-------------- -------------------------------------
17-4月 -21                                       820

to_date 时间转换

SQL> select to_date('190-09-05', 'yyyy-dd-mm') from dual;

TO_DATE('190-0
--------------
09-5月 -90

rr日期格式

SQL> select
to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy') curr_year,
to_char(to_date('07','yy'), 'yyyy') yy07,
to_char(to_date('97','yy'), 'yyyy') yy97,
to_char(to_date('07','rr'), 'yyyy') rr07,
to_char(to_date('97', 'rr'), 'yyyy') rr97
from dual;

CURR YY07 YY97 RR07 RR97
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
2021 2007 2097 2007 1997

nvl(expr1, expr2) 当expr1 有值是返回expr1 没有值时返回expre2, 可以用来对null值做运算

SQL> select ename,sal,comm,sal+nvl(comm,0)from emp;

ENAME             SAL       COMM SAL+NVL(COMM,0)
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
SMITH             800                        800
ALLEN            1600        300            1900
WARD             1250        500            1750
JONES            2975                       2975
MARTIN           1250       1400            2650
BLAKE            2850                       2850
CLARK            2450                       2450
X_SCOTT          3000                       3000
KING             5000                       5000
TURNER           1500          0            1500
ADAMS            1100                       1100

nvl(expr1, expr2, expr3) 当expr1为空时则为expr3, 不为空时,，为expr2

SQL> select ename,sal,comm,nvl2(comm,comm+sal, sal)from emp;

ENAME             SAL       COMM NVL2(COMM,COMM+SAL,SAL)
---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------
SMITH             800                                800
ALLEN            1600        300                    1900
WARD             1250        500                    1750
JONES            2975                               2975
MARTIN           1250       1400                    2650
BLAKE            2850                               2850
CLARK            2450                               2450
X_SCOTT          3000                               3000
KING             5000                               5000
TURNER           1500          0                    1500
ADAMS            1100                               1100

nullif(expr1, expr2) 两数相等则为空，不想等则为expr1

SQL> select length(ename),length(job), nullif(length(ename), length(job)) from emp;

LENGTH(ENAME) LENGTH(JOB) NULLIF(LENGTH(ENAME),LENGTH(JOB))
------------- ----------- ---------------------------------
            5           5
            5           8                                 5
            4           8                                 4
            5           7                                 5

coalesce(expr1, expr2,…,exprn)从后往前取值

SQL> select ename,sal, comm, coalesce(comm, sal, 0) from emp;

ENAME             SAL       COMM COALESCE(COMM,SAL,0)
---------- ---------- ---------- --------------------
SMITH             800                             800
ALLEN            1600        300                  300
WARD             1250        500                  500
JONES            2975                            2975
MARTIN           1250       1400                 1400

case 表达式，条件表达式

SQL>select ename, job, sal,
case job when 'CLERK' then sal * 1.1
         when 'SALESMAN' then sal * 1.15
         else sal end rev_sal
from emp;

ENAME      JOB              SAL    REV_SAL
---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SMITH      CLERK            800        880
ALLEN      SALESMAN        1600       1840
WARD       SALESMAN        1250     1437.5
JONES      MANAGER         2975       2975
MARTIN     SALESMAN        1250     1437.5
BLAKE      MANAGER         2850       2850
CLARK      MANAGER         2450       2450
X_SCOTT    ANALYST         3000       3000
KING       PRESIDENT       5000       5000
TURNER     SALESMAN        1500       1725
ADAMS      CLERK           1100       1210

decode 函数和上面的case表达式一样的效果

SQL> select ename, job, sal, 
    decode(job, 'CLERK', sal*1.1, 'SALESMAN', sal*1.15, sal) rev_sal
from emp;

ENAME      JOB              SAL    REV_SAL
---------- --------- ---------- ---------- 
SMITH      CLERK            800        880
ALLEN      SALESMAN        1600       1840
WARD       SALESMAN        1250     1437.5
JONES      MANAGER         2975       2975
MARTIN     SALESMAN        1250     1437.5
BLAKE      MANAGER         2850       2850
CLARK      MANAGER         2450       2450
X_SCOTT    ANALYST         3000       3000
KING       PRESIDENT       5000       5000
TURNER     SALESMAN        1500       1725
ADAMS      CLERK           1100       1210

多表联接

SQL> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO     DEPTNO DNAME          LOC
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------------- -------------
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80            800                    20         20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-2月 -81           1600        300         30         30 SALES          CHICAGO
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-2月 -81           1250        500         30         30 SALES          CHICAGO
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81           2975                    20         20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-9月 -81           1250       1400         30         30 SALES          CHICAGO
      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-5月 -81           2850                    30         30 SALES          CHICAGO
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-6月 -81           2450                    10         10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
      7788 X_SCOTT    ANALYST         7566 19-4月 -87           3000                    20         20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-11月-81           5000                    10         10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-9月 -81           1500          0         30         30 SALES          CHICAGO
      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-5月 -87           1100                    20         20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
      7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-12月-81            950                    30         30 SALES          CHICAGO
      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-12月-81           3000                    20         20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-1月 -82           1300                    10         10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK


-- 多表关联查询 接 and 
SQL> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and dept.dname='SALES';

-- 空的数据也会联接
SQL> select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno(+)=dept.deptno;

-- 笛卡尔联接
SQL> select * from emp cross join dept;

-- 自然连接： 等值联接
SQL> select * from emp natural join dept;

-- 两张表有多个同名的列
SQL> select * from emp natural join dept  using(deptno)

-- 两张表没有相同的列
SQL> select * from emp e join dept d on (e.deptno=d.deptno);

-- 右外联接
SQL> select * from emp right outer join dept  using(deptno);

-- 左外联接
SQL> select * from emp left outer join dept  using(deptno);

--全外联接
SQL> select * from emp full outer join dept  using(deptno);

组函数

-- 取最大值
SQL>  select max(sal) from emp;

-- 取最小值
SQL>  select min(sal) from emp;

-- 求和
SQL>  select sum(sal) from emp;

-- 取平均值
SQL>  select avg(sal) from emp;

-- 取多少个  只能取非空的值
SQL>  select count(sal) from emp;

-- 去重求个数
SQL>  select count(distinct deptno) from emp;

-- 计算有多少行数据
SQL>  select count(*) from emp;

-- 分组求和
SQL>  select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

-- 取总和为最大的数
SQL>  select max(sum(sal)) from emp group by deptno;

-- 运算后的值进行过滤
SQL>  select deptno,sum(sal) from emp having sum(sal)>9000 group by deptno;

-- 求每个工资人数大于等于2的
SQL> select sal,count(sal) from emp having count(*)>1 group by sal;

-- 每一年参加工作的雇员数量
SQL> select to_char(HIREDATE, 'yyyy'), count(*) from emp group by to_char(HIREDATE, 'yyyy');

子查询

-- where条件上加子查询  查询工资比 Blake 的工资大的人有哪些
SQL> select ename, sal from emp where sal>(select sal from emp where ename='BLAKE');

& + 标识符就是变量 && 会把变量存起来，用 define 命令可以查看存起来的变量

SQL> select ename,&column2 from emp;
输入 column2 的值:  sal
原值    1: select ename,&column2 from emp
新值    1: select ename,sal from emp

SQL> /
输入 column2 的值:  hiredate
原值    1: select ename,&column2 from emp
新值    1: select ename,hiredate from emp

SQL> select * from &table;
输入 table 的值:  salgrade
原值    1: select * from &table
新值    1: select * from salgrade

SQL> select * from emp where sal>&salary;
输入 salary 的值:  2000
原值    1: select * from emp where sal>&salary
新值    1: select * from emp where sal>2000

SQL> select * from emp where ename=upper('&salary');
输入 salary 的值:  scott
原值    1: select * from emp where ename=upper('&salary')
新值    1: select * from emp where ename=upper('scott')

-- 查看使用过的变量  只限于&&
SQL> define
DEFINE _DATE           = "17-4月 -21" (CHAR)
DEFINE _CONNECT_IDENTIFIER = "orcl" (CHAR)
DEFINE _USER           = "SCOTT" (CHAR)
DEFINE _PRIVILEGE      = "" (CHAR)
DEFINE _SQLPLUS_RELEASE = "1102000100" (CHAR)
DEFINE _EDITOR         = "Notepad" (CHAR)
DEFINE _O_VERSION      = "Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options" (CHAR)
DEFINE _O_RELEASE      = "1102000100" (CHAR)

-- 控制 新 老 语句的显示
SQL> show verify
verify ON

脚本命令

-- 查看缓冲区
SQL> list
  1* select ename,&&col from emp order by &col
SQL> l
  1* select ename,&&col from emp order by &col

-- 把缓冲区的内容存入指定的文件
SQL> sav G:\1.sql
已创建 file G:\1.sql

-- 查看 文件里sql的内容
SQL> get G:\1.sql
  1* select ename,&&col from emp order by &col

-- 用 @ 调用文件里的命令
SQL> @ G:\1.sql
原值    1: select ename,&&col from emp order by &col
新值    1: select ename,sal from emp order by sal

ENAME             SAL
---------- ----------
SMITH             800
JAMES             950
ADAMS            1100
WARD             1250
MARTIN           1250
MILLER           1300
TURNER           1500
ALLEN            1600
CLARK            2450
BLAKE            2850
JONES            2975
X_SCOTT          3000
FORD             3000

-- 控制屏幕显示
SQL> set echo on

arraysize 向屏幕输出的行数默认每有15行数据向屏幕输出一次最大值是5000

-- 查看向屏幕输出的行数
SQL> show arraysize
arraysize 15

-- 设置向屏幕输出的行数
SQL> set arraysize 5000

查询时显示的行数默认为6行

SQL> show feedback
用于 6 或更多行的 FEEDBACK ON

-- 取消设置
SQL> set feedback on

-- 取消后小于6 行的也打印行数
SQL> select * from dept;

    DEPTNO DNAME          LOC
---------- -------------- -------------
        10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
        20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
        30 SALES          CHICAGO
        40 OPERATIONS     BOSTON

已选择4行。

heading 显示列名

SQL> show heading
heading ON

-- 关闭列名
SQL> set heading off
SQL> select * from dept;

        10 ACCOUNTING     NEW YORK
        20 RESEARCH       DALLAS
        30 SALES          CHICAGO
        40 OPERATIONS     BOSTON

已选择4行。

long 控制超长文本显示

SQL> show long
long 80

-- 设置后长文本显示的长度
SQL> set long 50000

强制标题字段换一行

SQL> col ename heading 'frist|name'
SQL> select * from emp;

           frist
     EMPNO name       JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80            800                    20
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-2月 -81           1600        300         30
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-2月 -81           1250        500         30
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81           2975                    20

-- 清空强制标题字段换行
SQL> col ename cle

-- 修改数值的显示风格
SQL> col sal for $99,99.99
SQL> /

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80       $8,00.00                    20
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-2月 -81      $16,00.00        300         30
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-2月 -81      $12,50.00        500         30
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81      $29,75.00                    20

-- 控制标题靠左边显示
SQL> col sal justify l for $99,99.99

-- 控制标居中显示
SQL> col sal justify c for $99,99.99

-- 控制空值显示NULL
SQL> col comm justify c for $99,99.99 null 'NULL'

-- 还原
SQL> col comm cle
SQL> col sal cle

去掉连续重复的值的哪一列

SQL> select * from emp order by deptno;

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-6月 -81           2450                    10
      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-11月-81           5000                    10
      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-1月 -82           1300                    10
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81           2975                    20
      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-12月-81           3000                    20
      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-5月 -87           1100                    20
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80            800                    20
      7788 X_SCOTT    ANALYST         7566 19-4月 -87           3000                    20
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-2月 -81           1250        500         30
      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-9月 -81           1500          0         30
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-2月 -81           1600        300         30
      7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-12月-81            950                    30
      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-5月 -81           2850                    30
      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-9月 -81           1250       1400         30

已选择14行。

SQL> break on deptno
SQL> /

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-6月 -81           2450                    10
      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-11月-81           5000
      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-1月 -82           1300
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81           2975                    20
      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-12月-81           3000
      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-5月 -87           1100
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80            800
      7788 X_SCOTT    ANALYST         7566 19-4月 -87           3000
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-2月 -81           1250        500         30
      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-9月 -81           1500          0
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-2月 -81           1600        300
      7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-12月-81            950
      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-5月 -81           2850
      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-9月 -81           1250       1400

已选择14行。

SQL>
SQL> clear break
breaks 已清除
SQL>

View Code

设置表头和表尾

SQL> set pages 30
SQL> tti 'Employee report begin'
SQL> bti 'End report'
SQL> /

星期六 4月  17                                                                                                                                                                        第    1
                                                                                         Employee report begin

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE              SAL       COMM     DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-6月 -81           2450                    10
      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-11月-81           5000                    10
      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-1月 -82           1300                    10
      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-4月 -81           2975                    20
      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-12月-81           3000                    20
      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-5月 -87           1100                    20
      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-12月-80            800                    20
      7788 X_SCOTT    ANALYST         7566 19-4月 -87           3000                    20
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-2月 -81           1250        500         30
      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-9月 -81           1500          0         30
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-2月 -81           1600        300         30
      7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-12月-81            950                    30
      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-5月 -81           2850                    30
      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-9月 -81           1250       1400         30









                                                                                               End report

已选择14行。

SQL> tti off
SQL> bti off
SQL>

View Code

执行系统命令

-- linux系统
SQL> host pwd
/home/oracle

-- windows系统
SQL> host chdir
E:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\BIN

SQL> host dir

把屏幕上的内容显示到文件

SQL> spool G:\1.txt
SQL> spool off
SQL> select * from emp;

SQL> spool G:\1.txt append

SQL> spool off
SQL> host chdir
E:\oracle\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\BIN

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