英语八大句子成分之一 – 状语

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状语

用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子。

状语表示

行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，原因，条件，结果，比较，让步等意义。

状语的作用

状语是一种修饰成分，用于修饰动词，形容词，其他状语或整个句子。下面详述状语在句子中的主要作用。

1. 修饰动词

状语在句子中很多时候用于修饰动词(包括谓语动词和非谓语动词)。用于表示动词发生的时间、地点、程度、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、伴随等。

• You can put it down anywhere. 你可以随便放哪里都行。 (表地点)
• The company will go bankrupt unless business improves… 如果生意再无起色，公司非倒闭不可。(表条件)
• The meeting has been called off last night after the deadly explosion. 昨晚发生致命爆炸袭击之后，会议已经被取消。(表时间)
• Seeing nobody in the office, she had to leave a note. 看到没有人在办公室，她只好留下张便条。 (表原因)

2. 修饰形容词或副词（状语）

这类状语用于表示所修饰的形容词或副词的程度，起到增强、减弱或强调的作用。

• Most of them are completely innocent. 他们中大多数人是完全无辜的。
• This is a highly effective way to refine sugar. 这是一个制糖的高效方法。
• They will arrive here pretty soon. 他们很快就会到达这儿。
• Eggs are extremely well adapted to men’s needs. 蛋极易适合人的需要。

3. 修饰整个句子的状语。

这一类状语通常位于句首，用逗号隔开，用于表示说话人对句子内容的看法、态度、评价等。

• Frankly, I think his lesson is very boring. 坦白讲，我觉得他的课很枯燥。
• Most likely, they’ll have to pay a high price for it. 他们很可能要为此付出很高的代价。

4. 起连接作用的状语

• There has been a big increase in foreign trade last year. In addition, foreign funds are more effectively utilized. 去年外贸有大的增长。此外，外汇更有效地利用。
• He missed the train and therefore missed the accident. 他没赶上那班火车，也因此逃过了车祸。
• The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide for his family. Similarly, the father in the modern family is expected to do so. 传统家庭中父亲的角色是供养家庭。同样，现代家庭里的父亲也被期望这么做。

状语由什么词和结构充当

副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，从句来充当。状语也可以由名词来充当。

1. 某一词类充当状语

• 副词作方式状语修饰动词
  

  She did the work carefully.

  They want to see her very much.

2. 介词短语充当状语

介词短语作状语在英语句子中很常见。介词短语几乎可以表达所有形式的状语，包括时间、方式、地点、原因、条件、结果、目的等。此外还可以在句首修饰整条句子，或起到连接作用。

1. 表时间
   Appropriate growth was seen in money supply in 2015. 货币供应量在2015年有适度增长。
   During the winter holidays I stayed at my grandma’s for over a week. 寒假期间我在外祖母家呆了一个多星期。
   The battle lasted throughout the night. 战斗持续了整整一个晚上。
   The two kids are eager to see their gifts on Christmas Eve. 圣诞前夕两个小孩迫切希望见到自己的礼物。

2. 表地点、方位
   There was a garage at the back. 后边有一个车库。
   They all sit in the middle of the room. 他们都坐在房子中间。
   Don’t leave that bread on the table. 别把面包放在桌子上。
3. 表原因
   During the war, many people died of famine. 战争中许多人死于饥荒。
   For this reason, he is not the best man for the project. 由于这个原因，他并不是这个项目最合适的人选。
   Production has come to a halt this month, owing to the lack of workers. 由于缺少工人，这个月生产已陷入停顿。
4. 表方式
   It is more economical to go there by train. 坐火车去那里更经济一些。
   I know that you will all play your part with courage. 我知道你们都会勇敢地各尽其责。
5. 表程度
   Everything is being done to meet in full the needs of the people. 正在采取一切措施充分满足人民的需要。
   The girl has been frightened to death. 那个小女孩被吓死了。
   Our endurance was tested to the utmost. 我们的忍耐已达极限。
6. 表条件
   The police refused to act without more evidence. 如果没有更多的证据，警方拒绝受理。
   But for the sun’s light and heat, life would be impossible on the earth. 要是没有太阳的光和热，地球上就不可能有生命。
7. 表结果、目的
   As a result, out production has increased by 30% this year. 结果，今年我们的产量提升了30%。
   We left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 我们提前1小时动身以免误了火车。
8. 放于句首修饰整条句子
   In my opinion, we must cut our budget in half. 我认为我们应该让预算减半。
   In brief, your paper doesn’t focus on the topic. 简言之，你的论文没有集中反映主题。
9. 起连接作用
   We need money and time. In addition, we need more trained workers. 我们需要钱和时间，此外我们还需要受过训练的工人。
   This is not typically a linear process. In particular, steps 3-5 may be swapped around. 这并不一定是线性过程。尤其是第3至5步可以交换顺序。

3. 从句充当状语

• 从句作时间状语修饰后句
  

  When i read books, time goes quickly.

• 从句作条件状语修饰后句
  

  If he blows out all the candles in one go, the wish will come true.

• 从句作结果状语修饰前句
  

  She is ill, so she can’t go to school today.

• 从句作让步状语修饰后句
  

  Although we are poor, we are still happy.

• 部分省略的从句作比较状语修饰形容词
  

  Tom is as careful as John (is).

4. 非谓语动词充当状语

• 不定式作目的状语
  

  To get to the park, you have to cross Center Street.

• 现在分词作方式状语
  

  They entered the classroom, talking and laughing.

• 过去分词作条件状语
  

  Given a chance, i can surprise the world.

5. 涵盖多种类型状语

I often exercise at the park, because i love the clean air and sunshine.

often 时间状语（副词作时间状语修饰动词）

at the park 地点状语（介词短语作地点状语修饰动词）

because i love the clean air and sunshine 原因状语从句（从句作原因状语修饰前句）

可以充当状语的词和结构

1) 副词

This car engine runs very quietly. 这辆汽车的发动机噪音很小。
He immediately switched off the light. 他立刻把灯熄灭。
Undoubtedly, he is the best chess player in this country. 毫无疑问，他是这个国家最好的(国际象棋)棋手。

2) 介词短语

3) 不定式

4) 现在分词

5) 过去分词

6) 形容词

7) 名词

8) 从句(即状语从句)

9) 独立主格

Everything prepared, we started our new journey. 一切准备就绪，我们开始新的旅程。

10) 复合结构

With the task completed successfully, they went home happily. 成功地完成任务后，他们高兴地回了家。

状语的种类

1. 时间状语

Appropriate growth was seen in money supply in 2015. 货币供应量在2015年有适度增长。
During the winter holidays I stayed at my grandma’s for over a week. 寒假期间我在外祖母家呆了一个多星期。
The battle lasted throughout the night. 战斗持续了整整一个晚上。
The two kids are eager to see their gifts on Christmas Eve. 圣诞前夕两个小孩迫切希望见到自己的礼物。

2. 地点、方位状语

There was a garage at the back. 后边有一个车库。
They all sit in the middle of the room. 他们都坐在房子中间。
Don’t leave that bread on the table. 别把面包放在桌子上。

3. 方面状语

The bridge is 2500 meters in length and 150 meters in height.

4. 原因状语

He was surprised at what she said.

He succeeded by hard work.
During the war, many people died of famine. 战争中许多人死于饥荒。
For this reason, he is not the best man for the project. 由于这个原因，他并不是这个项目最合适的人选。
Production has come to a halt this month, owing to the lack of workers. 由于缺少工人，这个月生产已陷入停顿。

5. 目的状语

They went out for a walk.

He stood aside for her to pass.

6. 结果状语

He talked his wife into buying a car.

The box is too heavy for me to lift.

7. 条件状语

The police refused to act without more evidence. 如果没有更多的证据，警方拒绝受理。
But for the sun’s light and heat, life would be impossible on the earth. 要是没有太阳的光和热，地球上就不可能有生命。

8. 让步状语

With all his efforts, he lost the match.

虽然尽了全力，他还是输了那场比赛。

9. 比较状语

10. 方式状语

I watched the game on television.
It is more economical to go there by train. 坐火车去那里更经济一些。
I know that you will all play your part with courage. 我知道你们都会勇敢地各尽其责。

11. 伴随状语

I slept with the window open.

He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他气喘吁吁地跑到她跟前。

12.程度状语

Everything is being done to meet in full the needs of the people. 正在采取一切措施充分满足人民的需要。
The girl has been frightened to death. 那个小女孩被吓死了。
Our endurance was tested to the utmost. 我们的忍耐已达极限。