词汇 (123): presume

presume [prɪˈzuːm]

v. （不肯定地）认为；(法律上或官方）推定；擅自，自作主张；

一、单词释义：

“presume” 指根据概率或假定的逻辑进行推测，通常没有充分的证据，但人们仍然认为这种推测可能接近真实。

1. presume与assume的区别

“presume”和“assume”这两个词都涉及在没有证据的情况下认为某事是真实的。“Assume”通常用于在没有证据的情况下接受一个事实，常作为进一步推理或行动的起点。它暗示的确定性较低，常用于理论或推测性的语境中。 “Presume”暗示基于之前的知识或证据有较高的信心。它常带有法律或正式的语气，特别是在像“无罪推定直至证明有罪”这样的短语中。示例对比如下：

Let’s assume everyone agrees with the plan so we can move on to the next step.

假设每个人都同意这个计划，我们就可以进行下一步了。

Given his past success, we can safely presume he’ll do well in his new role.

鉴于他过去的成功，我们可以安全地推定他在新角色中会做得很好。

2. 常见短语：

presume innocence 假定无罪

presume knowledge 假设知识

presumed agreement 假定的协议

3. 常见同根同源词：

presumably [prɪˈzuːməbli] adv. 大概，可能

presumable [priˈzjʊməbl] adj. 可能有的；可推测的

二、单词示例：

He presumed too much on their friendship and asked for a large favor.

他过于依赖他们的友谊，请求了一个很大的帮助。

Presuming she would agree, he made plans.

他假设她会同意，于是做了安排。

三、情景记忆：

场景一：

“In a college lecture hall, a student at the back presumes he knows the answer and confidently interrupts the professor. His guess, utterly wrong and hilariously off-topic, sends the entire class into an uproar of laughter. The professor, half-amused and half-perplexed, looks on as the presumptuous student shrugs with a mischievous smile.”

“在大学的讲堂上，一位坐在后排的学生自作主张地认为自己知道答案，并自信地打断了教授。他的猜测完全错误且离题万里，让全班同学都爆发出哄笑。教授一边感到好笑，一边困惑地看着这位自以为是的学生，而学生则带着调皮的微笑耸了耸肩。”

场景二：

“The principle of “presume innocence” also known as the presumption of innocence, is a fundamental aspect of the legal systems in many countries, particularly those influenced by the common law tradition. It means that any person accused of a crime is considered innocent until proven guilty. This presumption is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial, and it is the prosecution’s responsibility to prove the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”

“无罪推定”原则，也称为无罪推定，是许多国家法律制度的一个基本方面，特别是那些受普通法传统影响的国家。 这意味着任何被指控犯罪的人在被证明有罪之前都被视为无罪。 这种推定是被告在刑事审判中的合法权利，检方有责任在排除合理怀疑的情况下证明被告有罪。