非谓语动词

1．不定式作状语

(1)原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。

◆I’m very glad to be invited to attend the meeting.

我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。

(2)目的状语可与so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首。

◆(2015·北京高考单项填空)To catch the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.　为了赶上早班航班，我们提前预订了出租车，并且起得很早。

(3)结果状语常表示意想不到的结果，常用only to do。

◆George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.

乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。

熟记固定结构：

(1)only/just to…; too…to…；so/such as to…；…enough (for sb.) to…

(2)be＋adj.＋to do sth.

◆As far as I’m concerned, the book is very hard to learn.

就我个人而言，这本书很难理解。　

2．分词作状语

(1)v.­ing形式：现在分词作状语，用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随、结果等。现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，且含有进行之意。

◆(2015·天津高考单项填空)Having worked for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.

已经忙活了两天，史蒂夫设法按时完成了他的报告。

◆Having been laughed at for his mistakes, the boy was ashamed and embarrassed.

那男孩因犯错而被嘲笑，因此又羞愧又尴尬。(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前)

(2)v.­ed形式：过去分词作状语，用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等。过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且含有完成之意。

◆Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.　由于在这部新电影中担任重要角色，安迪有了出名的机会。

◆Given more attention, the children could have grown better.　给予更多的关注，孩子们本来能够成长得更好。

(3)源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状态。不表示被动关系，其前不用being，常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、devoted(专注的)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。

◆Absorbed in his book, he didn’t notice me enter the room.　他专注于读书，没注意到我进入房间。

(1)把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系；区别现在分词与过去分词：现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分词表示被动或完成。　

(2)现在分词的完成式having done表示分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系，同时分词动作先于句子谓语动词发生。

◆Having driven all day, we were rather tired.

开了一天的车，我们相当累。

(3)不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果，现在分词作结果状语为客观上顺其自然而产生的结果。

◆More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.　中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。

3．有些分词或不定式短语作状语，构成独立结构，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有：

generally speaking一般来说；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by…根据……来判断；considering…/taking…into consideration考虑到……；to tell the truth说实话；compared to/with与……相比较；to begin with首先；seeing…鉴于/由于……；supposing假设，如果；assuming假使；given考虑到，鉴于；provided(that…)如果；concerning关于

◆Judging from what he said just now, he must be very satisfied with your performance.

根据他刚才说的判断，他一定对你的演出很满意。

4．独立主格结构

(1)独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系；③独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。

(2)独立主格结构的构成：

①名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词；

②名词/代词＋形容词；

③名词/代词＋副词；

④名词/代词＋不定式；

⑤名词/代词＋介词短语。

◆The test finished(＝When the test was finished), we began our holiday.

考试结束了，我们的假期开始了。

◆Weather permitting(＝If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.

天气允许的话，明天我们去拜访你。

[典例] (2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ____________ (cool) the house during the hot day.

to cool　解析：考查动词不定式用法。be＋adj.＋enough＋to do sth.是固定结构，意为“足够……，能够做某事”。结合空格前的cold enough可知后面应使用动词不定式。

◆(2015·北京高考单项填空)The park was full of people, enjoying (＝who enjoyed) themselves in the sunshine.

公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。

◆Tsinghua University, founded (＝which was founded) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人物的摇篮。

(1)准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系；

(2)准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间，即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。　

The problem discussed at the last meeting was of great importance.

The matter being discussed now is of great importance.

The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great importance.

[典例1] (2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something ____________ (eat)!

to eat　解析：25天里，它(熊猫)从没离开过它的孩子，甚至不出去找吃的东西。分析句子结构可知，此处something是eat逻辑上的宾语，要使用不定式作定语。故此处应填to eat。

[典例2] (2015·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)A study of travelers ____________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

conducted　解析：网站TripAdvisor进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知，study与conduct构成逻辑上的被动关系，故此处应该使用过去分词作定语，修饰名词study。

非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式：

1．只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语：suggest, imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow，advise，risk, keep, keep on, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, excuse, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to等。

◆I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.　我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。

2．只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：wish, hope, decide, refuse, promise, pretend, manage, mean, plan, fail, choose, would like等。

◆She will attempt to beat the world record.

她试图要打破世界纪录。

3．既可用动名词又可跟不定式的动词和短语：remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, need, start, begin, try等。

forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）

forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事（此事未做）

stop doing sth.停止正在做的事(

stop to do sth.停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事)

remember doing sth.记得做过某事（已做）

remember to do sth.记住去做某事（未做）

regret doing sth.对做过的事后悔(tell，inform等）

try doing sth.尝试做某事(

try to do sth.努力做某事

)

◆Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.

记得睡觉之前把灯关了。

◆I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.　我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里我所看到的一切。

4．it作形式宾语，代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词。

◆I think it important to learn English well.

我认为学好英语很重要。

[典例] (2016·全国卷乙语法填空)My ambassadorial duties will include ____________(introduce) British visitors to the 120­plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.

introducing　解析：分析句子结构可知，will include在句中作谓语，include为及物动词，其后加名词或动名词作宾语，再结合提示词introduce和空后的名词visitors可知，此外应用动名词作宾语。

1．“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词和短语(see, watch，observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel等)后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原)，doing表主动或正在进行，done表被动或完成。

◆I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

我抬头注意到一条蛇正蜿蜒着爬上树去捕捉它的早餐。

◆Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?

听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命了吗？

◆I was sleeping when I heard my name shouted.

听到有人喊我的名字时，我正在睡觉。

2．热点动词let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find后接非谓语动词形式作补足语。

◆Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.

詹尼希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。

3．固定短语，如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb. to do sth.等。

◆The patient was warned not to eat oily food.

病人被警告不要吃油腻的食物。

4．with复合结构常用形式：

with sth.to do（表将来）(

sth. done（表被动且完成，或表状态）

)

◆The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.

这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。

◆With a lot of work to do, she wasn’t allowed to leave her office.

由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。

[典例] (2015·天津高考)He’d seen us ____________(sit) by the lake all those times.

sitting　解析：根据关键信息词all those times可知强调“一直坐在湖边”，故用固定结构see sb. doing sth.意为“看到某人一直做某事”，符合语境。

1．非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式

(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。

◆As we all know, going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.　众所周知，早睡早起是一个好习惯。

◆To complete the program needs much effort.

完成这项计划需要很大的努力。

(2)it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有：It is/was no use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was not any use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was of little use/good＋doing sth.；It is/was useless doing sth.; It’s a waste of time doing sth.等。

◆As is known to us, it’s no use complaining without taking action.　众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。

◆It’s important for the figures to be updated regularly.

定期更新数据是很重要的。

2．非谓语动词作表语

(1)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”，而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到……的”。

◆The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.

这则消息令人激动，我们激动了整整一晚上。

(2)get, become, look, seem, appear等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或主语的状态。

◆This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn’t get discouraged right after failures.

温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句名言告诉我们，失败后我们绝不能气馁。

3．非谓语动词作其他成分

固定句式do/have/其他动词＋sth.＋but (to) do sth.中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循前有实义动词do, but后则无to，反之则有to的原则。

◆She has no choice but to cry in face of the difficulty.

面对困难她除了哭之外别无选择。

[典例1] (广东高考语法填空)We got a little ____________(sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind.

sunburned或sunburnt　解析：考查“get＋过去分词”表示状态。got在试题中为连系动词，且sunburn与we之间为动宾关系，故应用过去分词作表语。因此，答案为sunburned或sunburnt。

[典例2] (全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)It took years of work ____________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.

to reduce　解析：根据固定句式：It takes sb. some time to do sth.“做某事花了某人一段时间”，可知此处填不定式to reduce。It是形式主语，不定式to reduce是真正的主语。

单句语法填空

1．(2017·湖南益阳箴言中学模拟)Nervous and anxious, Jill failed ____________(make) a good impression at the job interview.

to make　解析：句意：既紧张又焦虑，吉尔没有在面试中给人留下好印象。fail to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“未做到某事”，故填to make。

2．(2017·四川成都七中诊断)To his surprise, Jack found his son ________(dress) as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.

dressed　解析：句意：使杰克惊讶的是，他发现儿子在圣诞节前夜被装扮成了圣诞老人。此处为“find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，用过去分词作宾语补足语。dress意为“给(某人)穿衣”，常用于dress sb.或sb. be/get dressed结构。

3．(2016·浙江高考单项填空)To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d like you to look at a study ____________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.

conducted　解析：句意：回到水污染问题，我想让你们看一下澳大利亚在2012年进行的研究。study与conduct之间为被动关系，且设空处表示“完成”，故用过去分词作后置定语。

4．(2016·北京高考单项填空) ____________ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand.

To make　解析：句意：要想更容易地联系到我们，你最好把这张卡片放在手边。根据句意可知这里应用动词不定式作目的状语，故答案为To make。

5．(2017·湖北龙泉中学、宜昌一中联考)You begin to understand how Chinese speakers have their thoughts ____________(organize), and how they understand things.

organized　解析：句意：你会开始理解说汉语的人是怎么组织他们的思路和怎么理解事情的。分析句子结构可知该空作宾补，thoughts和organize之间是被动关系，故填过去分词organized。

单句改错

1．(2016·全国卷丙短文改错)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. ____________________

wear→wearing　解析：句意：我通过穿奇装异服向他们表示我是独立的。介词by后需跟动名词作宾语。

2．(全国卷Ⅰ)She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs. ________________

holding→hold　解析：used to do sth.过去常常做某事。

3．(陕西高考)One evening at sunset，we sat by the fire，have our barbecue. ____________________

have→having　解析：谓语动词是sat，故后面是状语。

4．(全国卷Ⅱ)Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，which might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.____________________

Have→Having　解析：谓语是provides，故用v.­ing形式作主语。

5．(浙江高考)I am awfully tiring，but I know I’ll never fall asleep.____________________

tiring→tired　解析：指主语感到疲劳，应用v.­ed形式作表语。

6．(2016·浙江高考短文改错)It was both excited and frightening to be up there！My sister and I thought he was so cool for putting us there.____________________

excited→exciting　解析：exciting令人兴奋的，excited感到兴奋的，根据语境可知此处表示“令人兴奋的”，故将excited改为exciting。

单句语法填空

1．(2017·烟台模拟)The heartwarming story began in September last year when a woman asked the primary school in her neighborhood ____________(accept) her six­year­old son.

to accept　解析：ask sb. to do sth.为固定用法，意为“要求某人做某事”。

2．(2016·天津高考单项填空)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, ____________ (make) air conditioning unnecessary.

making　解析：句意：凉风通过我们卧室的窗户吹进来，使得空气调节系统没有必要了。根据句意可知，此处应用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示必然的结果。

3．(2015·福建高考单项填空)____________(learn) more about Chinese culture，Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

To learn　解析：句意：为了更多地了解中国文化，杰克决定把中国民间音乐作为选修课程。learn的逻辑主语为Jack, Jack与learn之间为逻辑上的主动关系，且该动作表示目的，因此用不定式的一般式作目的状语。

4．(2015·四川高考单项填空)Little Tom sat ____________(amaze) watching the monkey dancing in front of him.

amazed　解析：句意：小汤姆很惊讶地坐着看那只猴子在他面前跳舞。该句的主干为Little Tom sat，故该空应用非谓语动词形式；该空和现在分词watching在句中均作伴随状语，且此处形容小汤姆的感受，故用amazed，意为“感到惊讶的”。

5．(2015·重庆高考单项填空)____________(raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.

Raised　解析：句意：因为他是在格拉斯哥最贫穷的地区长大的，所以他成为足球明星的道路漫长而又艰辛。句中已有谓语动词had，故设空处应用非谓语动词形式；raise在此处是“养育，抚养”的意思，与主语he之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作原因状语。

6．(2016·全国卷甲语法填空)If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely ________________(bring) your work home.

to bring　解析：句意：如果你找到了你喜欢做的办公室之外的事情，你就可能不会把工作带回家了。be likely to do sth.“可能做某事”为固定搭配。故填to bring。

7．(全国卷Ⅱ)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused ____________(stop) until we reached the next stop.

to stop　解析：refuse to do sth.表示“拒绝做某事”。

8．(全国卷Ⅱ)Still，the boy kept ____________(ride)．He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.

riding　解析：表示“继续(不间断地)做某事”时，要用keep doing sth.。

9．(2015·广东高考语法填空)Since the plants took a while to grow，he started cutting down trees ____________ (sell) the wood.　

to sell　解析：这里用动词不定式在句中作目的状语。

10．(天津高考单项填空)Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only ____________(find) it didn’t fit.

to find　解析：句意：她急切地从袋子里取出那条连衣裙试穿，结果发现它不合身。“only＋不定式”表示意想不到的结果。故填to find。

11．(全国卷)Film has a much shorter history, especially when ____________(compare) to such art forms as music and painting.

compared　解析：句意：电影的历史要短得多，尤其是当它和像音乐与绘画这样的艺术形式相比时。所给动词compare与其逻辑主语film之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词，相当于when film is compared to such art forms as music and painting。

12．(重庆高考)____________(ask) to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.

Having been asked　解析：句意：那天晚上我被要求加班，错过了一场精彩的电影。所给动词ask与其逻辑主语I之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，且ask表示的动作发生在谓语动词missed的动作之前，故用现在分词的完成被动式在句中作原因状语。

单句改错

1．(2017·湖南长沙一中月考)After waiting for an hour, Katia went home, felt lonely and miserable.____________________

felt→feeling　解析：句子的谓语是went home，故feel的动作是伴随动作，与Katia之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。

2．(2017·安徽六校教育研究会联考)Saw the 18 candles burning, I couldn’t keep back my tears.____________________

Saw→Seeing　解析：see在句中作状语，与主语之间存在主动关系，故用现在分词形式。

3．(2017·山西太原联考)I, together with my two friends, was eating dinner at a Chinese restaurant, locating in the center of New York.____________________

locating→located　解析：句意：我和我的两个朋友一起，正在位于纽约市中心的一家中餐馆里用餐。(be)located in…为固定用法，意为“坐落于……”。故将locating改为located。

4．(2017·湖北四地七校联考)Second, we should be careful when made friends, especially online.____________________

made→making　解析：when引导的时间状语从句中，省略了与主句相同的主语we和be动词，make与we之间为主动关系，因此用现在分词形式。从句可还原为when we are making friends。

5．(2017·浙江重点中学协作体联考)But now we often discuss and try to solve the problems raising by the teachers or ourselves.____________________

raising→raised　解析：句意：但现在我们经常讨论并尽力解决由老师或我们自己提出来的问题。根据by可知，“问题”是“被老师或我们自己提出”的，故应用过去分词作定语。

6．(2017·四川绵阳模拟)For the whole afternoon they sang and danced happily without think about their schoolwork.____________________

think→thinking　解析：without为介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。故将think改为thinking。

7．(2017·安徽合肥模拟)Having something to do on the train, I couldn’t help think about the scene of leaving and felt terribly sorry.____________________

think→thinking　解析：couldn’t help doing sth.为固定搭配，意为“情不自禁做某事”，故将think改为thinking。

8．(2015·四川高考短文改错)We’ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.____________________

sing→singing　解析：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事，为固定搭配。

9．(2015·浙江高考短文改错)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.____________________

sit→sitting　解析：enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事。

10．(辽宁高考短文改错)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute she’s outside.____________________

understanding→understand　解析：It is＋adj.＋to do sth.。