高中英语阅读理解题四大题型完全解析（附例题详解）

阅读理解是英语能力培养的重点项目，是考试的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。

阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的 加工能力。阅读理解能力的重要标志是阅读速度 和理解力的正确率。

因此，阅读理解的功夫应下在平时。 多分析题型，多了解考点，真正做到有的 放矢，提高命中率。

高中阅读理解题主要考察的内容有以下几个方面：

1 ﹑理解主旨和要义

2 ﹑理解文中的具体位置

3 ﹑根据上下文推断生词的词义

4 ﹑作出判断和推理

5 ﹑理解文章的基本结构

6 ﹑理解作者的意图﹑观点和态度

有关阅读理解的题型主要有以下几种:

1、主旨大意型

2、事实细节型

3、词义猜测型

4、推理判断型

一、主旨大意题

解题思路：

1. 干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。

2. 干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事 实或细节片面推出的错误结论。

3. 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。

(正确答案) 是根据文章意思全面 理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。

主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:

1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 作者主要告诉我们什么？

2)Which of the following can summarize the main idea ofthis text?下列哪一项可以概括这篇文章的主要观点？

3)Which of the following best expresses the main idea?下列哪一项最能表达主要观点？

4)Which is the subject discussed in the text?文中讨论的主题是什么？

6)What’s the best title for this passage?这篇文章的最佳标题是什么？

典型例题解析

In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for- eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and General Motors is considered Australian’s biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.

Question: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph？

A. GM is one of the largest car producers.

B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.

C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.

D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.

【解析】

答案为C。take sth. away of sb.和 cast sb. sth. 的意思相似。

本段落以一、二句引出要表达的 主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈 述细节或继续论证。

寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。

二、事实细节型：

解题思路：

忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。

提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,who, which, where, how, why 等。

在此类题型中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：

1）Which of the following statement is true?下列哪一项是正确的？

2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?下列哪项没在文中提到？

3）The author ( or the passage) states that____.作者（或文章）指出____.

4）According to the passage, when ( where, why,how, who, what, which, etc.)____?根据这段话，当____？

典型例题解析

The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1℃.The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows……

Q1)_______calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35℃to 90℃.

A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D.275

Q2)Which statement is TRUE according to the chart above?

A. A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does.

B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does.

C.An office worker requires the same amount of calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does.

D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.

【解析】

Q1:答案为 D 。

根据文章细节内容，计算公式为： (90-35)×5×1=275

Q2:答案为 C 。

根据文章图表，依次验证A、B C、D 四个答案的内容是否正确。 很易找出 C 符合图表内容。

三、词义猜测型

解题思路：

同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。

反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。

释义法 对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。

情景推断法、代词替代法等

做题要领

1）在文中找线索或信息词;

2) 根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意；

3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。

典型例题解析

Most women in Ghana the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old)work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewi- ves and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence,self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved(应得的，值得的).

Question: : Which of the following (is closest in meaning) to the underlined word “illiterate”

A. repeat B. reiterated C.uneducated D. sick

【解析】

本题答案选C

这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中的大多数妇女，受过教育的（educated）和没有受过教育的（illiterate）；住在城市的（urban）和住在农村的（rural），年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好是一对对反义词。因此选 C 项。

四、推理判断型

解题思路：

高考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个，着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。

透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。

以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。

既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。

推理判断型常见的提问方式有：

1. The passage implies that_______.这段话暗示着_______。

2. We can conclude from the passage that ______.我们可以从这篇文章中得出结论______。

3. Which of the following can be inferred?下列哪一项可以推断出？

4. What is the tone of the author ?作者的语气是什么？

5. What is the purpose of this passage?这篇文章的目的是什么？

6. The passage is intended to _______ .这篇文章想要_______。

7. Where would this passage most probably appear?这篇文章最可能出现在哪里？

典型例题解析

例一、

The concept (n. 观念 ) of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. About 90 percent of all illnesses might be preventable if individual (n. 个人 ) made sound ( adj. 健康的 ) personal health choices based upon present (adj.现在的) medical knowledge.

We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it limited when it is within the legal (adj. 法律的 ) and moral boundaries ( n.界限 ) of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may affect our health. If we do desire, we can smoke , drink much, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food we want, and live a completely sedentary (adj. 久坐的，劳心的 ) lifestyle without any exercise.

Question: The concept of personal choice about health is important because_______.

A. personal health choices help cure most illnesses.

B. it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge.

C. it is basic to personal freedom in American society.

D.wrong decisions could lead to poor health.

【解析】

据前两句可以得知不良的选择会导致健康状况变坏，因此答案选 D 。

选出的答案一定要在原文中找到依据或理由，不能只凭常识或自己主观胡乱推测。

例二、

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement (n.成绩 ) ends up with uninspired students.

Eisenberger holds (vi.认为). As an exa- mple of the latter (adj. 近来的 ) point ( n.观点 ), he notes ( vi.特别指出 ) growing efforts at major universities to tighten ( v.使变得更紧 ) grading standards (及格标准 ) and restore ( vt.恢复使用 ) failing grades (不及格分数或标准 ).

Question: It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe______.

A.rewarding poor performance ( n.成绩 ) may kill he creativity of students .

B. punishment is more effective than rewarding.

C. failing (v. 给…不及格 ) uninspired students helps improve their overall (adj.全面的 ) academic (adj.学 校的 ) standards.

D. Discouraging ( vt.使…失去信心 ) the students’ anticipation ( n.预期之事物 ) for easy rewards is a matter of urgency ( n.紧急 ).

【解析】

问题是文中Eisenberger 举的一个例子,通过例证题目的考点分析, 我们知道一般例子前后总结性的话(论点)是解决问题的关键,这样我们就可以判断出该例要说明的问题……(答案:A)

The topic sentence: A teacher ends up with uninspired (without creativity) students.

译: 假设老师总让学生关注奖励,或对表现一般的学生也给高分,那么学生们最终都会不求进取,没有灵感及想象力。

从近几年高考阅读理解试题的出题趋势上看，命题者越来越注重考查学生把握全文及中心思想的能力及推理判断能力，因此有关阅 读理解题目更为重要的是:主旨大意型和推理判断型。